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Nuclear Energy Conference & Expo (NECX)
September 8–11, 2025
Atlanta, GA|Atlanta Marriott Marquis
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The RAIN scale: A good intention that falls short
Radiation protection specialists agree that clear communication of radiation risks remains a vexing challenge that cannot be solved solely by finding new ways to convey technical information.
Earlier this year, an article in Nuclear News described a new radiation risk communication tool, known as the Radiation Index, or, RAIN (“Let it RAIN: A new approach to radiation communication,” NN, Jan. 2025, p. 36). The authors of the article created the RAIN scale to improve radiation risk communication to the general public who are not well-versed in important aspects of radiation exposures, including radiation dose quantities, units, and values; associated health consequences; and the benefits derived from radiation exposures.
K. Hasegawa, K. Horii, M. Matsuyama, K. Watanabe
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 28 | Number 3 | October 1995 | Pages 1497-1502
Tritium Waste Management and Discharge Control | Proceedings of the Fifth Topical Meeting on Tritium Technology In Fission, Fusion, and Isotopic Applications Belgirate, Italy May 28-June 3, 1995 | doi.org/10.13182/FST95-A30624
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
The rate of the UV-stimulated HT oxidation was studied in H2(HT)-O2-O3 atmospheres with excess O3. The concentration of HTO increased linearly with UV irradiation time. The formation rate of HTO was estimated to be 3.4 × 102 Bq cm−3 s−1, which was about 14000 times greater than that of the UV-stimulated HT oxidation in the H2(HT)-O2 atmosphere. Namely the excess O3 greatly assisted the UV-stimulated HT oxidation. The HTO formation obeyed the half order kinetics to hydrogen pressure and 0.7 order with respect to photon flux. Computer simulation consisting of 33 elementary reactions was employed to make clear the mechanism of the HT oxidation. The computer simulation reproduced the same hydrogen pressure and photon flux dependences as the experimental results. It was revealed that the main path for HTO formation is as follows: 1) HT oxidation is initiated by photolysis of O3 to O(1D) radicals; 2) O(1D) radicals react with H2O(HT) to form OH(OT) radicals; 3) OH(OT) radicals produce H2O(HTO) by the reaction with H2(HT). On the basis of computer analysis, it is concluded that the considerable increase in the rate of HTO formation is due to the increase in O(1D) production in the presence of O3. The present results suggest that the O3-assisted UV-stimulated HT oxidation is expected to be applicable to non-catalytic oxidation of tritium in thermonuclear fusion reactors.
