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Atlanta, GA|Atlanta Marriott Marquis
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The RAIN scale: A good intention that falls short
Radiation protection specialists agree that clear communication of radiation risks remains a vexing challenge that cannot be solved solely by finding new ways to convey technical information.
Earlier this year, an article in Nuclear News described a new radiation risk communication tool, known as the Radiation Index, or, RAIN (“Let it RAIN: A new approach to radiation communication,” NN, Jan. 2025, p. 36). The authors of the article created the RAIN scale to improve radiation risk communication to the general public who are not well-versed in important aspects of radiation exposures, including radiation dose quantities, units, and values; associated health consequences; and the benefits derived from radiation exposures.
Veselov A.V., Drozhin V.S., Druzhinin A.A., Izgorodin V.M. Iiyushechkin B.N., Kirillov G.A., Komleva G.V., Korochkin A.M., Medvedev E.F., Nikolaev G.P., Pikulin I.V., Pinegin A.V., Punin V.T., Romaev V.N., Sumatokhin V.L., Tarasova N.N., Tachaev G.V., Cherkesova I.N.
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 28 | Number 5 | December 1995 | Pages 1838-1843
Technical Paper | Inertial Confinement Fusion Targets | doi.org/10.13182/FST95-A30422
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
The main effort of the ICF target fabrication group is support of the experiments performed on the “ISKRA-4” and “ISKRA-5” laser systems. The main types of targets used in these experiments are direct drive, inverted corona, and indirect drive. A direct drive target is a glass spherical container coated with a metal or polymeric film and filled with a D-T mixture and some diagnostic gas.1,2 The inverted corona target is a spherical shell with holes for introducing laser radiation. The inside surface of the shell is coated with a compound containing heavy hydrogen isotopes.3,4 The indirect drive target is assembled from a spherical shell with holes for introducing laser radiation and a direct drive target placed in the shell center. The inside surface of the shell is coated with high-Z material5 (Fig. 1). For production of direct drive targets, manufacturing techniques have been developed for both hollow glass and polystyrene microspheres. Hollow glass microspheres are fabricated by free-fall of liquid glass drops or dry gel in a 4 meter vertical kiln.6 These methods allow us to manufacture glass microspheres with diameters from 50 µm to 1 mm, wall thicknesses from 0.5 to 10 µm, and aspect ratios (radius/wall) from 20 to 500. The microspheres have a thickness inhomogeneity less than 5% and non-sphericity less than 1%. Polystyrene microspheres are fabricated from polystyrene particles with a blowing agent in a similar vertical kiln. Polystyrene microspheres are fabricated with diameter up to 800 µm and wall thicknesses from 1 to 10 µm.