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General Kenneth Nichols and the Manhattan Project
Nichols
The Oak Ridger has published the latest in a series of articles about General Kenneth D. Nichols, the Manhattan Project, and the 1954 Atomic Energy Act. The series has been produced by Nichols’ grandniece Barbara Rogers Scollin and Oak Ridge (Tenn.) city historian David Ray Smith. Gen. Nichols (1907–2000) was the district engineer for the Manhattan Engineer District during the Manhattan Project.
As Smith and Scollin explain, Nichols “had supervision of the research and development connected with, and the design, construction, and operation of, all plants required to produce plutonium-239 and uranium-235, including the construction of the towns of Oak Ridge, Tennessee, and Richland, Washington. The responsibility of his position was massive as he oversaw a workforce of both military and civilian personnel of approximately 125,000; his Oak Ridge office became the center of the wartime atomic energy’s activities.”
B. Lehnert
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 26 | Number 3 | November 1994 | Pages 234-243
Technical Paper | Plasma Engineering | doi.org/10.13182/FST94-A30326
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
Free-boundary nearly rigid displacements are considered in a plasma confined by a magnetic field consisting of one part generated by the plasma current density and one part due to steady currents in fixed external conductors. No conducting wall is assumed to surround the plasma. An induced surface current effect and a related force on the plasma arise when the externally applied field is inhomogeneous in the direction of displacement. This additional force has not been taken into account in conventional magnetohydrodynamic theory. In the particular case of tokamaks, this induced surface current effect has two impacts on vertical nearly rigid displacements. First, there arises an additional restoring force and a positive contribution to the change in potential energy when the externally applied field is inhomogeneous in the vertical direction. A special design of poloidal field coils can thus provide new means for vertical position control in tokamaks, which is also the case with strongly elongated cross sections. Second, an earlier simplified model, in which the plasma is represented by a line current interacting with the currents of the external coil system, has to be modified since the plasma is a highly conducting body of finite size.