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September 8–11, 2025
Atlanta, GA|Atlanta Marriott Marquis
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Latest News
The RAIN scale: A good intention that falls short
Radiation protection specialists agree that clear communication of radiation risks remains a vexing challenge that cannot be solved solely by finding new ways to convey technical information.
Earlier this year, an article in Nuclear News described a new radiation risk communication tool, known as the Radiation Index, or, RAIN (“Let it RAIN: A new approach to radiation communication,” NN, Jan. 2025, p. 36). The authors of the article created the RAIN scale to improve radiation risk communication to the general public who are not well-versed in important aspects of radiation exposures, including radiation dose quantities, units, and values; associated health consequences; and the benefits derived from radiation exposures.
Massimo Zucchetti
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 26 | Number 4 | December 1994 | Pages 1275-1287
Technical Paper | Safety/Environmental Aspect | doi.org/10.13182/FST94-A30312
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
Activation data are needed for many evaluations concerning fusion reactors and, in particular, safety and environmental impact assessments. A stepwise description of the activation analysis process is given. A neutron source description for one-dimensional neuronic models is compared with that for three-dimensional models. Concerning neutron flux calculations, the choice between one-dimensional deterministic codes and three-dimensional Monte-Carlo codes is examined, taking into account their interface with activation codes. A reliable inventory code and an updated activation library are essential to obtain good activation data: The problems in the modeling of either pulsed irradiation or operation at different flux levels are tackled. The analysis and comparison of activation calculations for two different machine concepts [the Next European Torus (NET)/International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) and Ignitor], are carried out, showing how pulsed irradiation affects the results in the two cases and the main differences between the two analyses. As an example of the application of inventory calculations, a classification of NET/ITER and Ignitor materials into waste categories is proposed and discussed.