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Norway’s Halden reactor takes first step toward decommissioning
The government of Norway has granted the transfer of the Halden research reactor from the Institute for Energy Technology (IFE) to the state agency Norwegian Nuclear Decommissioning (NND). The 25-MWt Halden boiling water reactor operated from 1958 to 2018 and was used in the research of nuclear fuel, reactor internals, plant procedures and monitoring, and human factors.
K. Takase, M. Z. Hasan, T. Kunugi
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 21 | Number 3 | May 1992 | Pages 1840-1844
Plasma-Facing Component | doi.org/10.13182/FST92-A29986
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
Convective heat transfer in non-MHD laminar flow through rectangular channels in the first wall and limiter/divertor plates of fusion reactors has been analyzed numerically. Even for uniform heat flux, the Nusselt number (Nu) is not constant along the face of a rectangular channel, because the velocity is much smaller near a corner. For uniform heat flux, Nu varies by 67% from the center of a side to the corner (6.7 to 2.2). Therefore, the corners of a rectangular channel are possible hot-spot areas of concern for thermal-hydraulic designs. In addition, the surface heat flux on coolant channels in the plasma-facing components varies circumferentially. This nonuniformity of surface heat flux also affects the Nu. At the center of a side, Nu can be reduced from 6.7 to 2.8, i.e. by about 58%. For large nonuniformity of surface heat flux, the Nu at some locations can become infinity or negative; infinity, when the coolant/wall interface temperature becomes equal to the coolant bulk temperature and, negative, when the bulk temperature becomes larger than the interface temperature at these locations. The entry length is also increased due to the nonuniformity of surface heat flux. This increase can be as much as 4 times the entry length for uniform heat flux. For safe thermal-hydraulic designs of the first wall and limiter/divertor plates of fusion reactors, these effects must be taken into consideration.