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Conference Spotlight
Nuclear Energy Conference & Expo (NECX)
September 8–11, 2025
Atlanta, GA|Atlanta Marriott Marquis
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Latest News
The RAIN scale: A good intention that falls short
Radiation protection specialists agree that clear communication of radiation risks remains a vexing challenge that cannot be solved solely by finding new ways to convey technical information.
Earlier this year, an article in Nuclear News described a new radiation risk communication tool, known as the Radiation Index, or, RAIN (“Let it RAIN: A new approach to radiation communication,” NN, Jan. 2025, p. 36). The authors of the article created the RAIN scale to improve radiation risk communication to the general public who are not well-versed in important aspects of radiation exposures, including radiation dose quantities, units, and values; associated health consequences; and the benefits derived from radiation exposures.
R. Carrera, W. D. Booth, J. L. Anderson, T. Bauer, D. Coffin, T. A. Parish†
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 19 | Number 3 | May 1991 | Pages 1629-1633
Material and Tritium | Proceedings of the Ninth Topical Meeting on the Technology of Fusion Energy (Oak Brook, Illinois, October 7-11, 1990) | doi.org/10.13182/FST91-A29574
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
This paper outlines the preliminary conceptual design of a minimum—cost tritium system for a basic ignition experiment whose objective is to produce and control fusion ignited plasmas for scientific study. A system without tritium recycling and tritium reprocessing is envisioned. The fueling requirements can be satisfied by using a tritium storage tank with 20 kCi absorbed in a uranium bed which will be delivered to the facility every month (about 100 ignition pulses). Fueling needs will be supplied by thermal heating of the uranium bed and subsequent gas puffing of the tritium into the tokamak vacuum vessel. A modular vacuum pumping system is considered (6 × 880 ℓ/sec). Tritiated liquid effluents are eliminated by using oilless—bearing pumps. A thin carbon film is applied by glow discharge over the first wall to contain the tritium in the plasma chamber (by saturating the C film). The overall cost of the tritium system is estimated to be less than $3 million.