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Norway’s Halden reactor takes first step toward decommissioning
The government of Norway has granted the transfer of the Halden research reactor from the Institute for Energy Technology (IFE) to the state agency Norwegian Nuclear Decommissioning (NND). The 25-MWt Halden boiling water reactor operated from 1958 to 2018 and was used in the research of nuclear fuel, reactor internals, plant procedures and monitoring, and human factors.
S.J. Breretonb, L.J. Perkins
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 19 | Number 3 | May 1991 | Pages 1563-1568
ITER | Proceedings of the Ninth Topical Meeting on the Technology of Fusion Energy (Oak Brook, Illinois, October 7-11, 1990) | doi.org/10.13182/FST91-A29564
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
The ultimate performance of ITER has the potential to exceed the nominal levels needed to meet the objectives of the Physics and Technology phases, as outlined in the ITER Terms of Reference. Higher power levels, even with the existing set of physics design rules, may be achievable with modifications to torus components and appropriate additions to the balance of plant. It may also be possible to generate net electric power from a machine the same size as the current ITER baseline, but with a slightly different design. Because of the large investment in ITER and the value of the information gained from its operation to the progress of fusion research, it is important that the operation and performance of the machine be maximized. The greater value of information that could be obtained with more ambitious performance levels must be weighed against the additional costs, technological risks, and safety implications. This study examines the feasibility and implications of a potential third phase, or Advanced Technology Phase (ATP) for ITER. Performance prospects for this phase, under certain assumptions, have been assessed. Impacts on other systems, other components, safety, and configuration have been assessed. The study shows that net electric power can be obtained, but innovative divertor designs are needed, along with changes in the heat transport system, shielding, and machine configuration. The net electric power produced comes with the risk of increased safety concerns, and additional costs. Net power generation from a single sector (1/16) of the machine is also considered. In terms of cost, complexity, and risk, this may be a more desirable option for demonstrating net electric power production.