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General Kenneth Nichols and the Manhattan Project
Nichols
The Oak Ridger has published the latest in a series of articles about General Kenneth D. Nichols, the Manhattan Project, and the 1954 Atomic Energy Act. The series has been produced by Nichols’ grandniece Barbara Rogers Scollin and Oak Ridge (Tenn.) city historian David Ray Smith. Gen. Nichols (1907–2000) was the district engineer for the Manhattan Engineer District during the Manhattan Project.
As Smith and Scollin explain, Nichols “had supervision of the research and development connected with, and the design, construction, and operation of, all plants required to produce plutonium-239 and uranium-235, including the construction of the towns of Oak Ridge, Tennessee, and Richland, Washington. The responsibility of his position was massive as he oversaw a workforce of both military and civilian personnel of approximately 125,000; his Oak Ridge office became the center of the wartime atomic energy’s activities.”
M. Z. Hasan, T. Kunugi
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 19 | Number 3 | May 1991 | Pages 1030-1035
Blanket Technology | doi.org/10.13182/FST91-A29478
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
Convective heat transfer in the thermally developing region in a coolant channel of the first wall and limiter/divertor plates of a fusion reactor has been analyzed numerically. The surface heat flux on a coolant channel in these plasma facing components varies circumferentially. The flow is assumed MHD fully developed laminar in a circular tube with insulating wall and in the presence of a transverse magnetic field. Both the circumferential variation of the surface heat flux and the presence of a transverse magnetic field greatly affect the steady-state Nusselt number and thermal entry length. At the point where the magnetic field is normal to the tube wall, the steady-state Nusselt number can be increased as much as by a factor of 2 compared with 4.36 for non-MHD flow (parabolic velocity profile) and uniform surface heat flux. The nonuniformity of surface heat flux, on the other hand, can reduce the Nusselt number at the same location (also the point of maximum heat flux) to about 3.0. The transverse magnetic field can increase the thermal entry length by about 40% compared with that for non-MHD flow and uniform heat flux. The nonuniformity of surface heat flux and transverse magnetic field combined can increase the thermal entry length by a factor of 4.6. Neglect of this decrease in Nusselt number can result in an underestimation of the film temperature drop by 38% to 64%. The increase in the entry length would not affect the thermal-hydraulic designs of the first wall and divertor plate because, even with this increase, the entry length is short for liquid-metal coolants.