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Conference Spotlight
Nuclear Energy Conference & Expo (NECX)
September 8–11, 2025
Atlanta, GA|Atlanta Marriott Marquis
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Fusion Science and Technology
Latest News
The RAIN scale: A good intention that falls short
Radiation protection specialists agree that clear communication of radiation risks remains a vexing challenge that cannot be solved solely by finding new ways to convey technical information.
Earlier this year, an article in Nuclear News described a new radiation risk communication tool, known as the Radiation Index, or, RAIN (“Let it RAIN: A new approach to radiation communication,” NN, Jan. 2025, p. 36). The authors of the article created the RAIN scale to improve radiation risk communication to the general public who are not well-versed in important aspects of radiation exposures, including radiation dose quantities, units, and values; associated health consequences; and the benefits derived from radiation exposures.
Tatsuo Izumida, Yoshihiro Ozawa, Kunio Ozawa, Shigeru Izumi, Shunsuke Uchida, Tomohiko Miyamoto, Hisao Yamashita, Hiroshi Miyadera
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 18 | Number 4 | December 1990 | Pages 641-646
Technical Notes on Cold Fusion | doi.org/10.13182/FST90-A29257
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
Experiments on cold nuclear fusion are performed on titanium deutende (TiD2) crystal warmed from liquid nitrogen temperature to room temperature. Fusion with an estimated thermal energy output much smaller than the expected level (1012 to 1013 fusion/s·g−1) is confirmed by neutron burst emission, but without excess heat production. By analyzing the temperature dependence of the neutron emission in the titanium-deuterium system, it is concluded that so-called cold nuclear fusion may actually be hot-spot fusion caused by a localized high voltage generated, along with fracture formation, in the TiD2 by lattice strain.
