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Swiss nuclear power and the case for long-term operation
Designed for 40 years but built to last far longer, Switzerland’s nuclear power plants have all entered long-term operation. Yet age alone says little about safety or performance. Through continuous upgrades, strict regulatory oversight, and extensive aging management, the country’s reactors are being prepared for decades of continued operation, in line with international practice.
Kiyoshi Hashimoto, Tohru Sugawara
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 17 | Number 4 | July 1990 | Pages 566-570
Technical Paper | Beam Direct Conversion | doi.org/10.13182/FST90-A29192
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
A method is described for suppressing secondary electron emission from the negatively biased electrode of a beam direct energy converter by surrounding it with magnetic field lines. Experiments in a positive ion beam converter with a magnetically protected suppressor have shown that the secondary electrons generated by ion bombardment are successfully prevented from leaving the suppressor. It is also found that backscattered ions from the positive electrode occupy a noticeable portion of the loss currents generated in a converter with a copper electrode.