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September 8–11, 2025
Atlanta, GA|Atlanta Marriott Marquis
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The RAIN scale: A good intention that falls short
Radiation protection specialists agree that clear communication of radiation risks remains a vexing challenge that cannot be solved solely by finding new ways to convey technical information.
Earlier this year, an article in Nuclear News described a new radiation risk communication tool, known as the Radiation Index, or, RAIN (“Let it RAIN: A new approach to radiation communication,” NN, Jan. 2025, p. 36). The authors of the article created the RAIN scale to improve radiation risk communication to the general public who are not well-versed in important aspects of radiation exposures, including radiation dose quantities, units, and values; associated health consequences; and the benefits derived from radiation exposures.
G. Saibene, R. Sartori, F. Reiter
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 14 | Number 2 | September 1988 | Pages 808-815
Tritium Properties and Interactions with Material | Proceedings of the Third Topical Meeting on Tritium Technology in Fission, Fusion and Isotopic Applications (Toronto, Ontario, Canada, May 1-6, 1988) | doi.org/10.13182/FST88-A25234
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
The transport of tritium in liquid Pb-17Li has been investigated for different types of capsules and different methods of tritium extraction. Equations describing the tritium release process have been set up and solved, and time-dependent expressions of the outcoming tritium flux have been derived for closed capsules containing stagnant or moving Pb-17Li and for capsules where a He + 0.1% H2 flush gas sweeps the gas phase above the liquid Pb-17Li or bubbles through it. The analytical expressions of the outcoming tritium fluxes depend on tritium diffusivities and solubilities in Pb-17Li and in the container material and on the tritium generation rate in Pb-17Li. The models allow the determination of the characteristic tritium release times when these input parameters are available. The parameters, on the other hand, can be determined by fitting the experimental tritium release data with the theoretical flux equations. The characteristic tritium release time (time to reach 63.2% of the steady state tritium flux) is 14000 s, 7200 s, 2000 s and less than 100 s for the closed stagnant, closed convective, swept and bubbled capsule, respectively, and for the specific conditions of the “Libretto” experiment (Petten - NL).