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General Kenneth Nichols and the Manhattan Project
Nichols
The Oak Ridger has published the latest in a series of articles about General Kenneth D. Nichols, the Manhattan Project, and the 1954 Atomic Energy Act. The series has been produced by Nichols’ grandniece Barbara Rogers Scollin and Oak Ridge (Tenn.) city historian David Ray Smith. Gen. Nichols (1907–2000) was the district engineer for the Manhattan Engineer District during the Manhattan Project.
As Smith and Scollin explain, Nichols “had supervision of the research and development connected with, and the design, construction, and operation of, all plants required to produce plutonium-239 and uranium-235, including the construction of the towns of Oak Ridge, Tennessee, and Richland, Washington. The responsibility of his position was massive as he oversaw a workforce of both military and civilian personnel of approximately 125,000; his Oak Ridge office became the center of the wartime atomic energy’s activities.”
J. Stephen Herring, Vikram N. Shah, S. Zia Rouhani
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 4 | Number 2 | September 1983 | Pages 1384-1391
Magnet Engineering | doi.org/10.13182/FST83-A23050
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
This study considers ways that the proposed Engineering Test Reactor (ETR), or the proposed International Tokamak Reactor (INTOR), can be used for magnet performance tests that would be useful for the design and operation of the Demonstration Tokamak Power Plant (DEMO). Such testing must not interfere with the main function of the ETR/INTOR as an integrated fusion reactor. A performance test plan for the ETR/INTOR magnets is proposed and appropriate tests on the magnets for each phase of the ETR/INTOR operation are described. The suggested tests would verify design requirements and monitor long-term changes due to radiation. This paper also summarizes the design and operational performance of existing superconducting magnets and identifies the known failures and their predominant causes. In addition, existing radiation dose-damage information and criteria that relate material property change with component failure are combined with predicted neutron and gamma dose rates at the ETR/INTOR magnet position to estimate the time to insulator and conductor failure in this reactor. Long-term operation of magnets in a pulsed plasma environment such as in the ETR/INTOR, however, may aggravate the effect of gamma and neutron radiation on the insulators. To provide more accurate time-to-failure information for magnet component material, accelerated irradiation of magnet material coupons in the ETR/INTOR and in other irradiation facilities is suggested.