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Norway’s Halden reactor takes first step toward decommissioning
The government of Norway has granted the transfer of the Halden research reactor from the Institute for Energy Technology (IFE) to the state agency Norwegian Nuclear Decommissioning (NND). The 25-MWt Halden boiling water reactor operated from 1958 to 2018 and was used in the research of nuclear fuel, reactor internals, plant procedures and monitoring, and human factors.
N.Nakashima, S.Beloglazov, K.Hashimoto, M.Nishikawa
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 41 | Number 3 | May 2002 | Pages 1044-1048
Blanket Material and Process | Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Tritium Science and Technology Tsukuba, Japan November 12-16, 2001 | doi.org/10.13182/FST02-A22743
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
Though litium ceramic materials such as Li2O, LiA1O2, Li2ZrO3, Li4SiO4, and Li2TiO3, are considered as the candidates for breeding materials in the blanket of a D-T fusion reactor, the release behavior of the bred tritium in these solid breeder materials has not been fully understood yet. We have pointed out that it is essential to understand such mass transfer steps as diffusion of tritium in the grain, absorption of water in the bulk of grain, and adsorption of water on the surface of grain, together with two types of isotope exchange reactions for estimation of the tritium inventory in a uniform solid breeder blanket under the steady-state condition. The rate of isotope exchange reaction-1 on Li2TiO3 is quantified in this study, where pebbles of Li2TiO3 from CEA, KHI, and NFI are used.It is observed in this study that the rate of isotope exchange reaction on Li2TiO3 becomes 2∼3 order smaller than other solid breeder materials when it is placed in the hydrogen atmosphere at high temperature. It is also observed that the color of Li2TiO3 changed to black in accordance with decrease of reaction rate.The observation obtained at the release experiment of bred tritium performed in Kyoto University Reactor that chemical form of tritium becomes HTO at the high temperature even when hydrogen of 100 Pa is added to the purge gas can be explained by decrease of isotope exchange reaction rate.Tritium inventory in the Li2TiO3 blanket in various conditions are also discussed in this paper.
