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General Kenneth Nichols and the Manhattan Project
Nichols
The Oak Ridger has published the latest in a series of articles about General Kenneth D. Nichols, the Manhattan Project, and the 1954 Atomic Energy Act. The series has been produced by Nichols’ grandniece Barbara Rogers Scollin and Oak Ridge (Tenn.) city historian David Ray Smith. Gen. Nichols (1907–2000) was the district engineer for the Manhattan Engineer District during the Manhattan Project.
As Smith and Scollin explain, Nichols “had supervision of the research and development connected with, and the design, construction, and operation of, all plants required to produce plutonium-239 and uranium-235, including the construction of the towns of Oak Ridge, Tennessee, and Richland, Washington. The responsibility of his position was massive as he oversaw a workforce of both military and civilian personnel of approximately 125,000; his Oak Ridge office became the center of the wartime atomic energy’s activities.”
Y. Kamada, T. Fujita, S. Ishida, M. Kikuchi, S. Ide, T. Takizuka, H. Shirai, Y. Koide, T. Fukuda, N. Hosogane, K. Tsuchiya, T. Hatae, H. Takenaga, M. Sato, H. Nakamura, O. Naito, N. Asakura, H. Kubo, S. Higashijima, Y. Miura, R. Yoshino, K. Shimizu, T. Ozeki, T. Hirayama, M. Mori, Y. Sakamoto, Y. Kawano, A. Isayama, K. Ushigusa, Y. Ikeda, H. Kimura, T. Fujii, T. Imai, M. Nagami, S. Takeji, T. Oikawa, T. Suzuki, T. Nakano, N. Oyama, S. Sakurai, S. Konoshima, T. Sugie, K. Tobita, T. Kondoh, H. Tamai, Y. Neyatani, A. Sakasai, Y. Kusama, K. Itami, M. Shimada, H. Ninomiya, H. Urano
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 42 | Number 2 | September-November 2002 | Pages 185-254
Technical Paper | doi.org/10.13182/FST02-A227
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
Fusion plasma performance and confinement studies on JT-60 and JT-60U are reviewed. With the main aim of providing a physics basis for ITER and the steady-state tokamak reactors, JT-60/JT-60U has been developing and optimizing the operational concepts, and extending the discharge regimes toward sustainment of high integrated performance in the reactor relevant parameter regime. In addition to achievement of high fusion plasma performances such as the equivalent breakeven condition (QDTeq up to 1.25) and a high fusion triple product nD(0)ETi(0) = 1.5 × 1021 m-3skeV, JT-60U has demonstrated the integrated performance of high confinement, high N, full non-inductive current drive with a large fraction of bootstrap current. These favorable performances have been achieved in the two advanced operation regimes, the reversed magnetic shear (RS) and the weak magnetic shear (high-p) ELMy H modes characterized by both internal transport barriers (ITB) and edge transport barriers (ETB). The key factors in optimizing these plasmas towards high integrated performance are control of profiles of current, pressure, rotation, etc. utilizing a variety of heating, current drive, torque input, and particle control capabilities and high triangularity operation. As represented by discovery of ITBs (density ITB in the central pellet mode, ion temperature ITB in the high-p mode, and electron temperature ITB in the reversed shear mode), confinement studies in JT-60/JT-60U have been emphasizing freedom and also restriction of radial profiles of temperature and density. In addition to characterization of confinement and analyses of transport properties of the OH, the L-mode, the H-mode, the pellet mode, the high-p mode, and the RS mode, JT-60U has clarified formation conditions, spatial structures and dynamics of edge and internal transport barriers, and evaluated effects of repetitive MHD events on confinement such as sawteeth and ELMs. Through these studies, JT-60U has demonstrated applicability of the high confinement modes to ITER and the steady-state tokamak reactors.
