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Swiss nuclear power and the case for long-term operation
Designed for 40 years but built to last far longer, Switzerland’s nuclear power plants have all entered long-term operation. Yet age alone says little about safety or performance. Through continuous upgrades, strict regulatory oversight, and extensive aging management, the country’s reactors are being prepared for decades of continued operation, in line with international practice.
Kazunari Katayama, Masabumi Nishikawa
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 41 | Number 1 | January 2002 | Pages 53-62
Technical Paper | doi.org/10.13182/FST02-A200
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
The behavior of tritium at removal from graphite material for a fusion reactor is discussed. The mass transfer coefficient representing the isotope exchange reaction between hydrogen isotopes in the gas stream and tritium existing on graphite surfaces and that between water vapor in the gas stream and tritium on the surface are quantified. It was found that the reaction rate between hydrogen isotopes in the gas stream and tritium on the surface is much slower than that between water vapor in the gas stream and tritium on the surface. And, the release behavior of tritium from a graphite particle to the gas phase is calculated with the reaction rates obtained in this study using the solubility and the diffusion coefficient of hydrogen isotopes in graphite that have been presented in the previous report by the authors. A way to remove tritium from a graphite surface applying the isotope exchange reaction between water vapor in the gas stream and tritium on the surface turns out to be effective at the room temperature, although a temperature >1000 K is needed to release tritium from the bulk of a 10-m graphite particle.