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General Kenneth Nichols and the Manhattan Project
Nichols
The Oak Ridger has published the latest in a series of articles about General Kenneth D. Nichols, the Manhattan Project, and the 1954 Atomic Energy Act. The series has been produced by Nichols’ grandniece Barbara Rogers Scollin and Oak Ridge (Tenn.) city historian David Ray Smith. Gen. Nichols (1907–2000) was the district engineer for the Manhattan Engineer District during the Manhattan Project.
As Smith and Scollin explain, Nichols “had supervision of the research and development connected with, and the design, construction, and operation of, all plants required to produce plutonium-239 and uranium-235, including the construction of the towns of Oak Ridge, Tennessee, and Richland, Washington. The responsibility of his position was massive as he oversaw a workforce of both military and civilian personnel of approximately 125,000; his Oak Ridge office became the center of the wartime atomic energy’s activities.”
J. M. Carmona, K. J. McCarthy, V. Tribaldos, R. Balbín
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 54 | Number 4 | November 2008 | Pages 962-969
Technical Paper | doi.org/10.13182/FST08-A1911
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
First impurity ion temperature profiles obtained using an active diagnostic system, recently installed on the TJ-II stellarator, are presented. This diagnostic consists of a multichannel spectrometer and a compact diagnostic neutral beam injector system optimized for performing charge-exchange recombination spectroscopy. Here, after summarizing the experimental setup, details of the system alignment and calibration, as well as the data analysis method adopted, are presented. Next, impurity ion temperature profiles, determined from C VI emission line widths (at 529.06 nm), are presented for a range of plasma conditions (different densities plus two injected electron cyclotron resonance heating powers) in order to highlight the system capabilities. Then, the comportment of core impurity ion temperature for an electron density scan (4 × 1018 to 9 × 1018 m-3) is examined. It reveals a clear minimum between <ne> = 6 × 1018 and 8 × 1018 m-3 that coincides with the values for the transition from the electron-to-ion root of the radial electric field. Finally, these results are compared with ion temperatures determined by passive methods to evaluate the system performance, and the physics behind the observed impurity ion temperature behavior is examined.
