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Kenya, Rwanda eye nuclear reactors
Kenya and Rwanda are continuing to make progress toward deployment of their first nuclear reactors sometime in the near future, according to recent developments coming out of the African continent. Here are updates on the two countries’ nuclear ambitions.
S. Ring Peterson, Wolfgang Raskob
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 54 | Number 1 | July 2008 | Pages 277-280
Technical Paper | Environment and Safety | doi.org/10.13182/FST08-A1812
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
Throughout fifty-three years of operations, an estimated 29,300 TBq of tritium have been released to the atmosphere at the Livermore site of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; about 75% of this was released accidentally as gaseous tritium in 1965 and 1970. Routine emissions contributed slightly more than 3,700 TBq gaseous tritium and about 2,800 TBq tritiated water vapor to the total. Mean annual doses (with 95% confidence intervals) to the most exposed member of the public were calculated for all years using the same model and the same assumptions. Because time-dependent tritium models require detailed meteorological data that were unavailable for the large releases, ingestion/inhalation dose ratios were derived from experience with UFOTRI. Even with assumptions to assure that doses would not be underestimated, all doses from routine and accidental releases were below the level (3.6 mSv) at which adverse health effects have been documented, and most were below the current regulatory limit of 100 Sv per year from releases to the atmosphere.