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Nuclear Energy Conference & Expo (NECX)
September 8–11, 2025
Atlanta, GA|Atlanta Marriott Marquis
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Fusion Science and Technology
Latest News
The Frisch-Peierls memorandum: A seminal document of nuclear history
The Manhattan Project is usually considered to have been initiated with Albert Einstein’s letter to President Franklin Roosevelt in October 1939. However, a lesser-known document that was just as impactful on wartime nuclear history was the so-called Frisch-Peierls memorandum. Prepared by two refugee physicists at the University of Birmingham in Britain in early 1940, this manuscript was the first technical description of nuclear weapons and their military, strategic, and ethical implications to reach high-level government officials on either side of the Atlantic. The memorandum triggered the initiation of the British wartime nuclear program, which later merged with the Manhattan Engineer District.
M. Sakamoto et al.
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 63 | Number 1 | May 2013 | Pages 188-192
doi.org/10.13182/FST13-A16902
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
The divertor simulation experimental module (Dmodule) has been installed in the west end region in GAMMA 10/PDX. By use of Langmuir probes and spectroscopic measurement of intensity ratios of He I lines, temporal evolution of electron temperature and that of electron density of the plasma in the D-module with the V-shaped tungsten target are obtained. When the additional ICRF heating is applied to the anchor cell, the electron temperature evaluated with He I intensity ratios decreases from ~60 eV to ~25 eV and that from the probe measurement decreases from ~27 eV to ~14 eV. The difference between both measurements seems to be attributed to the difference of their measurement positions. The electron density measured by the Langmuir probe increases 2.3 times due to the RF3 power but it is rather low (< 1017 m-3). The electron density at the end region is expected to be increased by enhancement of ICRF heating and additional gas puffing at the plug/barrier cell which is the upstream cell of the end region.