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Nuclear Energy Conference & Expo (NECX)
September 8–11, 2025
Atlanta, GA|Atlanta Marriott Marquis
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Fusion Science and Technology
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The Frisch-Peierls memorandum: A seminal document of nuclear history
The Manhattan Project is usually considered to have been initiated with Albert Einstein’s letter to President Franklin Roosevelt in October 1939. However, a lesser-known document that was just as impactful on wartime nuclear history was the so-called Frisch-Peierls memorandum. Prepared by two refugee physicists at the University of Birmingham in Britain in early 1940, this manuscript was the first technical description of nuclear weapons and their military, strategic, and ethical implications to reach high-level government officials on either side of the Atlantic. The memorandum triggered the initiation of the British wartime nuclear program, which later merged with the Manhattan Engineer District.
E. D. Gospodchikov, A. G. Shalashov, E. V. Suvorov
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 53 | Number 1 | January 2008 | Pages 261-278
Technical Note | Special Issue on Electron Cyclotron Wave Physics, Technology, and Applications - Part 2 | doi.org/10.13182/FST08-A1671
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
Ordinary and extraordinary wave couplings in the vicinity of the cutoff surfaces in magnetized plasmas are analyzed in a two-dimensionally inhomogeneous tokamak-like geometry. It is demonstrated that the mode conversion may be of an essentially two-dimensional nature when the cutoff surfaces intersect in space along a certain line. For the latter case the reduced wave equations in the transformation region are derived and solved analytically. Structures of the transformed and reflected waves and corresponding transformation coefficients are obtained for an arbitrary field distribution in the incident beam. In particular, the intensity transformation coefficients of Gaussian beams are analyzed in more detail.