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  General Kenneth Nichols and the Manhattan Project
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  The Oak Ridger has published the latest in a series of articles about General Kenneth D. Nichols, the Manhattan Project, and the 1954 Atomic Energy Act. The series has been produced by Nichols’ grandniece Barbara Rogers Scollin and Oak Ridge (Tenn.) city historian David Ray Smith. Gen. Nichols (1907–2000) was the district engineer for the Manhattan Engineer District during the Manhattan Project.
  As Smith and Scollin explain, Nichols “had supervision of the research and development connected with, and the design, construction, and operation of, all plants required to produce plutonium-239 and uranium-235, including the construction of the towns of Oak Ridge, Tennessee, and Richland, Washington. The responsibility of his position was massive as he oversaw a workforce of both military and civilian personnel of approximately 125,000; his Oak Ridge office became the center of the wartime atomic energy’s activities.”
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The New Multifrequency Electron Cyclotron Resonance Heating System for ASDEX Upgrade

Dietmar Wagner, Fritz Leuterer, Adriano Manini, Francesco Monaco, Max Münich, François Ryter, Harald Schütz, Jörg Stober, Hartmut Zohm, Thomas Franke, Igor Danilov, Roland Heidinger, Manfred Thumm, Gerd Gantenbein, Walter Kasparek, Carsten Lechte, Alexander Litvak, Gregory Denisov, Evgeny Tai, Leonid Popov, Vadim Nichiporenko, Vadim Myasnikov, Elena Solyanova, Sergey Malygin, Fernando Meo, Paul Woskov

Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 52 | Number 2 | August 2007 | Pages 313-320

Technical Paper | Electron Cyclotron Wave Physics, Technology, and Applications - Part 1 | doi.org/10.13182/FST07-A1509

Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.

A new multifrequency electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH) system is currently under construction at the ASDEX Upgrade tokamak experiment. This system will, for the first time in a fusion device, employ multifrequency gyrotrons, step-tunable in the range 105 to 140 GHz. In its final stage the system will consist of four gyrotrons with a total power of up to 4 MW and a pulse length of 10 s. The variable frequency will significantly extend the operating range of the ECRH system both for heating and current drive. The matching optics unit includes a set of phase-correcting mirrors for each frequency as well as a pair of broadband polarizer mirrors. The transmission line consists of nonevacuated corrugated HE₁₁ waveguides with inner diameter of 87 mm and has a total length of ~70 m. A fast steerable launcher enables the steering of the beam over the whole plasma cross section poloidally. The first two-frequency gyrotron has been installed recently. It is equipped with a single-disk diamond window. The next gyrotrons will be step-tunable with two additional frequencies between 105 and 140 GHz. They will require a broadband output window, which will be either a Brewster or a double-disk window.