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Fusion Science and Technology
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Norway’s Halden reactor takes first step toward decommissioning
The government of Norway has granted the transfer of the Halden research reactor from the Institute for Energy Technology (IFE) to the state agency Norwegian Nuclear Decommissioning (NND). The 25-MWt Halden boiling water reactor operated from 1958 to 2018 and was used in the research of nuclear fuel, reactor internals, plant procedures and monitoring, and human factors.
J. A. Snipes, N. Basse, P. Bonoli, C. Boswell, E. Edlund, A. Fasoli, R. S. Granetz, L. Lin, Y. Lin, R. Parker, M. Porkolab, J. Sears, V. Tang, S. Wukitch
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 51 | Number 3 | April 2007 | Pages 437-450
Technical Paper | Alcator C-Mod Tokamak | doi.org/10.13182/FST07-A1431
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
Energetic particle physics is studied in Alcator C-Mod in reactor relevant regimes with high density and equilibrated electron and ion temperatures. Stable Alfvén eigenmodes are excited with low-power active magnetohydrodynamic antennas in the absence of a significant energetic particle tail to directly measure the damping rate of the modes. Stable toroidal Alfvén eigenmode (TAE) damping rates between 0.5% < / < 4.5% have been observed in diverted and limited plasmas. Alfvén eigenmodes are destabilized with high-power hydrogen minority ion cyclotron radio frequency (ICRF) heating (PICRF < 6 MW) in lower-density plasmas in the current rise and in relatively high-density ([bar]ne < 2.5 × 1020 m-3) H-mode plasmas, which creates an energetic hydrogen ion tail with calculated energies up to 400 keV. Low toroidal mode number (n < 4) unstable modes are observed in the current rise with magnetic pickup coils at the wall and phase contrast imaging density fluctuation measurements in the core. Observations of energetic particle modes or TAEs that decrease in frequency and mode number with time up to a large sawtooth collapse indicate that fast particles play a role in stabilizing sawteeth. Alfvén eigenmodes can also be used as diagnostics to precisely constrain the q profile and provide a qualitative measure of the fast particle distribution time evolution.
