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Fusion Science and Technology
Latest News
Norway’s Halden reactor takes first step toward decommissioning
The government of Norway has granted the transfer of the Halden research reactor from the Institute for Energy Technology (IFE) to the state agency Norwegian Nuclear Decommissioning (NND). The 25-MWt Halden boiling water reactor operated from 1958 to 2018 and was used in the research of nuclear fuel, reactor internals, plant procedures and monitoring, and human factors.
B. Lipschultz, B. LaBombard, J. L. Terry, C. Boswell, I. H. Hutchinson
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 51 | Number 3 | April 2007 | Pages 369-389
Technical Paper | Alcator C-Mod Tokamak | doi.org/10.13182/FST07-A1428
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
Many important contributions to the understanding of divertor physics are presented in this review of Alcator C-Mod research. The three regimes of parallel transport, sheath limited, conduction limited, and detached, were identified experimentally, along with their effects on plasma pressure along the magnetic field in the scrape-off layer. The extensive probe and bolometric coverage of the divertor allowed detailed characterization of the physics of detachment. The ability to dissipate ITER-like parallel power densities with extremely high divertor radiation emissivities (>40 MW/m3) was demonstrated under high-recycling and detached divertor conditions. The vertical plate divertor concept, developed and applied first on C-Mod, allowed the effect of divertor geometry to be studied, with the result that the vertical-plate and deep-slot geometries have a lower detachment threshold than the standard, flat-plate divertor. High-density (ne > 1 × 1021 m-3) divertor conditions allowed recombination to be more clearly observed in C-Mod than elsewhere. That, together with the development of spectroscopic techniques, enabled the only quantitative measurements of ion loss rate via recombination (and its role in detachment) as well as the trapping of hydrogenic Lyman alpha radiation. These were both shown to have important roles in detachment physics.