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General Kenneth Nichols and the Manhattan Project
Nichols
The Oak Ridger has published the latest in a series of articles about General Kenneth D. Nichols, the Manhattan Project, and the 1954 Atomic Energy Act. The series has been produced by Nichols’ grandniece Barbara Rogers Scollin and Oak Ridge (Tenn.) city historian David Ray Smith. Gen. Nichols (1907–2000) was the district engineer for the Manhattan Engineer District during the Manhattan Project.
As Smith and Scollin explain, Nichols “had supervision of the research and development connected with, and the design, construction, and operation of, all plants required to produce plutonium-239 and uranium-235, including the construction of the towns of Oak Ridge, Tennessee, and Richland, Washington. The responsibility of his position was massive as he oversaw a workforce of both military and civilian personnel of approximately 125,000; his Oak Ridge office became the center of the wartime atomic energy’s activities.”
Kenji Tanaka, Clive Michael, Masayuki Yokoyama, Osamu Yamagishi, Kazuo Kawahata, Tokihiko Tokuzawa, Mamoru Shohji, Hiroshi Yamada, Jyunichi Miyazawa, Shigeru Morita, Katsumi Ida, Mikiro Yoshinuma, Kazumichi Narihara, Ichihiro Yamada, Shigeru Inagaki, LHD Experimental Group, Leonid Vyacheslavov, Andrei Sanin, Sadayoshi Murakami, Arimitsu Wakasa
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 51 | Number 1 | January 2007 | Pages 97-111
Technical Paper | Stellarators | doi.org/10.13182/FST07-A1291
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
The characteristics of particle transport in three different magnetic configurations are studied from density modulation experiments in the Large Helical Device (LHD). These three configurations are represented as different magnetic axis positions (Rax) of the vacuum field. Experiments were carried out in a range of different heating powers for each configuration with almost constant density. The experimental values of particle diffusion coefficients (D) and particle convection velocities (V) are compared with neoclassical estimates. The value of D is found to be anomalously large compared to neoclassical values in both the core and edge in all configurations. At low collisionality, this anomaly tends downward. The core convection velocities are comparable with neoclassical estimates. In more-outward-shifted configurations, particle transport is enhanced. The electron temperature and electron temperature gradient are the determinate parameters for D and V, respectively, in each configuration. The effective helical ripple is one of the important parameters for particle transport in the LHD; however, other hidden parameters exist. The role of fluctuations in particle transport is investigated from turbulence measurements using a two-dimensional phase contrast interferometer. Three kinds of fluctuation having different locations, propagation direction, and peak wave number are observed. One of these, which exists in the outermost edge region and propagates in the ion diamagnetic direction in the laboratory frame, plays a possible role in edge anomalous diffusion. The amplitudes of ion diamagnetic fluctuation components are compared with the linear growth rate of the ion temperature gradient mode.
