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Conference Spotlight
Nuclear Energy Conference & Expo (NECX)
September 8–11, 2025
Atlanta, GA|Atlanta Marriott Marquis
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Fusion Science and Technology
Latest News
The RAIN scale: A good intention that falls short
Radiation protection specialists agree that clear communication of radiation risks remains a vexing challenge that cannot be solved solely by finding new ways to convey technical information.
Earlier this year, an article in Nuclear News described a new radiation risk communication tool, known as the Radiation Index, or, RAIN (“Let it RAIN: A new approach to radiation communication,” NN, Jan. 2025, p. 36). The authors of the article created the RAIN scale to improve radiation risk communication to the general public who are not well-versed in important aspects of radiation exposures, including radiation dose quantities, units, and values; associated health consequences; and the benefits derived from radiation exposures.
Takashi Shimozuma, Shin Kubo, Yasuo Yoshimura, Hiroe Igami, Kazunobu Nagasaki, Takashi Notake, Sigeru Inagaki, Satoshi Ito, Sakuji Kobayashi, Yoshinori Mizuno, Yasuyuki Takita, Kenji Saito, Tetsuo Seki, Ryuhei Kumazawa, Tetsuo Watari, Takashi Mutoh, LHD Experimental Group
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 50 | Number 3 | October 2006 | Pages 403-411
Technical Paper | Stellarators | doi.org/10.13182/FST06-A1262
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
The electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECH) system in the Large Helical Device consists of nine gyrotrons: two that are 82.7 GHz, 0.45 MW, and 2 s; two that are 84 GHz, 0.8 MW, and 3 s; one that is 84 GHz, 0.2 MW, and 1000 s; and four that are 168 GHz, 0.5 MW, and 1 s. ECH and electron cyclotron current drive (ECCD) experiments using this system have been conducted not only for plasma heating and current drive experiments but also for transport and power deposition studies with power modulation. The configuration of the recent ECH system including gyrotrons, high-voltage power supplies, and the transmission system is overviewed. The outstanding progress on the ECH/ECCD experimental results is described in detail, which includes an electron transport study in the plasma with an electron internal transport barrier, electron Bernstein wave heating through the mode conversion process, preliminary current drive experiments, and a steady-state plasma sustainment >1 h by only ECH.
