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Fusion Science and Technology
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General Kenneth Nichols and the Manhattan Project
Nichols
The Oak Ridger has published the latest in a series of articles about General Kenneth D. Nichols, the Manhattan Project, and the 1954 Atomic Energy Act. The series has been produced by Nichols’ grandniece Barbara Rogers Scollin and Oak Ridge (Tenn.) city historian David Ray Smith. Gen. Nichols (1907–2000) was the district engineer for the Manhattan Engineer District during the Manhattan Project.
As Smith and Scollin explain, Nichols “had supervision of the research and development connected with, and the design, construction, and operation of, all plants required to produce plutonium-239 and uranium-235, including the construction of the towns of Oak Ridge, Tennessee, and Richland, Washington. The responsibility of his position was massive as he oversaw a workforce of both military and civilian personnel of approximately 125,000; his Oak Ridge office became the center of the wartime atomic energy’s activities.”
Junichi Miyazawa, Suguru Masuzaki, Hiroshi Yamada, Ryuichi Sakamoto, Byron Jay Peterson, Mamoru Shoji, Nobuyoshi Ohyabu, Akio Komori, Osamu Motojima, LHD Experimental Group, Peter Grigull, Yuehe Feng, Kent McCormick, Francesco Sardei, Yuri Igitkhanov, W7-AS Team
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 50 | Number 2 | August 2006 | Pages 192-200
Technical Paper | Stellarators | doi.org/10.13182/FST06-A1235
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
Self-sustained detachment, named the Serpens mode (Self-regulated plasma edge 'neath the last closed flux surface), has been observed in the Large Helical Device (LHD), which is equipped with an intrinsic open helical divertor, in spite of the low divertor neutral pressure of order 10-3 Pa. Other states of detachment are also observed; one is transient partial detachment, observed only in the gas puff port during massive gas puffing, and another is complete detachment, which takes place when the hot plasma boundary shrinks below the last closed flux surface. The Serpens mode is categorized as a subset of complete detachment, but with large fluctuations in the divertor flux and H signal, which result from a rotating radiation belt called the serpent. In this paper, these are compared with experimental observations of partial detachment and multifaceted asymmetric radiation from the edge (Marfe) in a modular stellarator, Wendelstein 7-AS (W7-AS). There are many similarities between transient partial detachment in LHD and partial detachment in W7-AS and, especially, between the Serpens mode in LHD and Marfe in W7-AS.
