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September 8–11, 2025
Atlanta, GA|Atlanta Marriott Marquis
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Fusion Science and Technology
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The Frisch-Peierls memorandum: A seminal document of nuclear history
The Manhattan Project is usually considered to have been initiated with Albert Einstein’s letter to President Franklin Roosevelt in October 1939. However, a lesser-known document that was just as impactful on wartime nuclear history was the so-called Frisch-Peierls memorandum. Prepared by two refugee physicists at the University of Birmingham in Britain in early 1940, this manuscript was the first technical description of nuclear weapons and their military, strategic, and ethical implications to reach high-level government officials on either side of the Atlantic. The memorandum triggered the initiation of the British wartime nuclear program, which later merged with the Manhattan Engineer District.
B. Plaum, G. Gantenbein, W. Kasparek, K. Schwörer, M. Grünert, H. Braune, V. Erckmann, F. Hollmann, L. Jonitz, H. Laqua, G. Michel, F. Noke, F. Purps, A. Bruschi, S. Cirant, F. Gandini, A. G. A. Verhoeven, ECRH Groups
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 50 | Number 1 | July 2006 | Pages 1-14
Technical Paper | doi.org/10.13182/FST06-A1216
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
This paper reports the results of the high-power tests of a remote-steering-launcher mock-up at 140 GHz, which were performed at the electron cyclotron resonance heating installation for the future stellarator Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X) at Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Greifswald. The mock-up test system consists of a 6.62-m-long square corrugated waveguide with a steerable optic at the entrance and various diagnostics at the exit of the waveguide. A straight launcher and a version with two integrated miter bends were investigated.The ohmic loss of the waveguide was measured via the temperature increase of the waveguide wall and was used to calibrate the calculated angular dependence of the total ohmic losses of the waveguide. Short-pulse radiation pattern measurements with thermographic recording show high beam quality and confirm the steering range of -12...12 deg. The version with two miter bends produces similar results but with an increased level of side lobes.Although the tests were performed under atmospheric pressure, no arcing was observed in the straight waveguide. In the version with the miter bends, however, arcing limited the power and pulse length.