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General Kenneth Nichols and the Manhattan Project
Nichols
The Oak Ridger has published the latest in a series of articles about General Kenneth D. Nichols, the Manhattan Project, and the 1954 Atomic Energy Act. The series has been produced by Nichols’ grandniece Barbara Rogers Scollin and Oak Ridge (Tenn.) city historian David Ray Smith. Gen. Nichols (1907–2000) was the district engineer for the Manhattan Engineer District during the Manhattan Project.
As Smith and Scollin explain, Nichols “had supervision of the research and development connected with, and the design, construction, and operation of, all plants required to produce plutonium-239 and uranium-235, including the construction of the towns of Oak Ridge, Tennessee, and Richland, Washington. The responsibility of his position was massive as he oversaw a workforce of both military and civilian personnel of approximately 125,000; his Oak Ridge office became the center of the wartime atomic energy’s activities.”
Y. Nakashima et al.
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 59 | Number 1 | January 2011 | Pages 61-66
doi.org/10.13182/FST11-A11575
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
As the new research plan of Plasma Research Center of the University of Tsukuba, we are planning to start a study of divertor simulation under the closely resemble to actual fusion plasmas environment making an advantage of the GAMMA 10 tandem mirror and to contribute the solution for realizing the divertor in future toroidal systems. In the research plan, the concepts of two divertor devices are introduced. One has an axi-symmetric divertor configuration with separatrix (A-Div.) and the other is a high heat flux divertor simulator by using an end-mirror exit of the large tandem mirror device (E-Div.). Preparative experiments have been successfully started at the end-mirror region of GAMMA 10 and detailed behavior of end-loss particles has been investigated by using newly developed diagnostic instruments. In standard hot-ion mode plasmas (ne0 ~ 2 × 1018 m-3, Ti0 ~ 5 keV), the heat flux density of 0.8 MW/m2 and the particle flux density of 4 × 1022/sm2 were observed at 30 cm downstream of the end-mirror exit on the machine axis. It is confirmed that the heat flux density increases in proportion to the applied RF power. Superimposing the ECH pulse induces a remarkable enhancement of heat flux and a peak value in the net heat flux density of 8 MW/m2 was attained during the ECH injection, which almost comes up to the heat load level of the divertor plate of ITER. Two-dimensional visible image measurement of newly installed target plates using high-speed camera revealed a significant difference in the behavior of visible emission from plasma-material interaction. The above results give a clear prospect of generating the required performance and providing useful information for divertor studies in GAMMA 10.
