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Fusion Science and Technology
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General Kenneth Nichols and the Manhattan Project
Nichols
The Oak Ridger has published the latest in a series of articles about General Kenneth D. Nichols, the Manhattan Project, and the 1954 Atomic Energy Act. The series has been produced by Nichols’ grandniece Barbara Rogers Scollin and Oak Ridge (Tenn.) city historian David Ray Smith. Gen. Nichols (1907–2000) was the district engineer for the Manhattan Engineer District during the Manhattan Project.
As Smith and Scollin explain, Nichols “had supervision of the research and development connected with, and the design, construction, and operation of, all plants required to produce plutonium-239 and uranium-235, including the construction of the towns of Oak Ridge, Tennessee, and Richland, Washington. The responsibility of his position was massive as he oversaw a workforce of both military and civilian personnel of approximately 125,000; his Oak Ridge office became the center of the wartime atomic energy’s activities.”
J. K. Anderson et al.
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 59 | Number 1 | January 2011 | Pages 27-30
doi.org/10.13182/FST11-A11567
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
A new 1 MW neutral beam injector (START-20F) is in operation on the Madison Symmetric Torus (MST) reversed field pinch. The beam, consisting of two arc discharge plasma generators, an optimized ion optical system and an integrated neutralizer/injector tank, operates at 25kV and up to 40A of neutrals for a 20 msec pulse (compared to a typical MST pulse length of 60 msec). The injected 1 MW of hydrogen neutrals (with approximately 85% in the full energy component) is significant compared to the 3-4 MW of ohmic input power in a typical target discharge. At this beam energy and a background electron density of about 1x1019 m-3 and temperature 1keV, roughly 90% of the injected power is deposited within the plasma. Initial experiments with the high power NBI show a large heating of the bulk ions: the fit of the width of energy spectrum as measured by Rutherford scattering (which is generally related to core ion temperature) quickly increases from 180eV to 230eV. This apparent significant and rapid heating of bulk ions is difficult to explain by classical collisions only, as modeling predicts 75% of the injected power is deposited on electrons and 15% on ions. The confinement of the fast ions (measured by the persistence in time of fusion neutrons due to a small fraction of deuterium in the beam fuel) is much greater than the canonical 1 msec confinement of particles and energy in the MST. The fast particle confinement is measured to increase with magnetic field strength. Further recent experiments document fast particle confinement time versus direction of injection (parallel or antiparallel to central magnetic field), beam energy, and background plasma properties.
