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Fusion Science and Technology
Latest News
The RAIN scale: A good intention that falls short
Radiation protection specialists agree that clear communication of radiation risks remains a vexing challenge that cannot be solved solely by finding new ways to convey technical information.
Earlier this year, an article in Nuclear News described a new radiation risk communication tool, known as the Radiation Index, or, RAIN (“Let it RAIN: A new approach to radiation communication,” NN, Jan. 2025, p. 36). The authors of the article created the RAIN scale to improve radiation risk communication to the general public who are not well-versed in important aspects of radiation exposures, including radiation dose quantities, units, and values; associated health consequences; and the benefits derived from radiation exposures.
O. Kazachenko
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 48 | Number 1 | July-August 2005 | Pages 737-742
Technical Paper | Tritium Science and Technology - Tritium in Neutrino Physics | doi.org/10.13182/FST05-A1027
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
The objective of the KArlsruhe TRItium Neutrino experiment (KATRIN) is a direct measurement of the absolute mass of the electron (anti)neutrino by means of a precise study of the endpoint region of the tritium beta spectrum. The expected sensitivity of KATRIN to the neutrino mass is 0.2 eV (90% CL). The experimental set-up consists of four main parts: a source of electrons from tritium beta decay, a pre-spectrometer, a unique electron spectrometer with very high energy resolution and a multi pixel detector for low energy beta particles. A "Windowless Gaseous Tritium Source" (WGTS) with differential pumping of tritium is foreseen as the main source in KATRIN. This kind of source represents a gas dynamic system with the source tube 90 mm in diameter and 10 m in length placed in a strong magnetic field and differential pumping stages at both ends of this tube. Tritium gas will be injected in the centre of the source tube producing a gas flow directed to the ends. After pumping down by the differential pumps, compressing up to several hundreds millibars by the transfer pump and purification on the palladium membrane filter, tritium will be injected back to the source tube. The estimated flow rate of the circulated tritium is 1.8 standard cubic centimeters per second (sccs), which corresponds to 2.4×10-4 g/s (40 g/day). The stability of gas density and isotope composition in the source tube should be provided on the level of 0.1%. This paper will describe the design concept of the WGTS and will discuss the tritium processing techniques associated with the KATRIN experiment.
