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Fusion Science and Technology
Latest News
The RAIN scale: A good intention that falls short
Radiation protection specialists agree that clear communication of radiation risks remains a vexing challenge that cannot be solved solely by finding new ways to convey technical information.
Earlier this year, an article in Nuclear News described a new radiation risk communication tool, known as the Radiation Index, or, RAIN (“Let it RAIN: A new approach to radiation communication,” NN, Jan. 2025, p. 36). The authors of the article created the RAIN scale to improve radiation risk communication to the general public who are not well-versed in important aspects of radiation exposures, including radiation dose quantities, units, and values; associated health consequences; and the benefits derived from radiation exposures.
A.V. Arzhannikov, V.T. Astrelin, A.V. Burdakov, P.V. Denisenko, V.G. Ivanenko, V.S. Koidan, V.V. Konyukhov, A.G. Makarov, K.I. Mekler, P.I. Melnikov, V.S. Nikolaev, S.S. Perin, S.V. Polosalkin, V.V. Postupaev, A.F. Rovenskikh, S.L. Sinitsky
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 35 | Number 1 | January 1999 | Pages 112-118
Topical Review Lectures | doi.org/10.13182/FST99-A11963834
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
A short review of recent results obtained at the GOL-3-II facility is presented. This facility is an open trap with 12 m long plasma column with a longitudinal magnetic field of 4.5 T in the uniform part and 9 T in the end mirrors. There is the possibility to change the magnetic field configuration. Plasma density can be varied in 1014÷1017 cm−3 range. A microsecond electron beam with total energy of 0.2 MJ is injected into the plasma through the input mirror.
Collective interactions of an electron beam with a plasma and its fast heating are studied at this facility. An efficiency of collective electron beam deceleration up to 40% is achieved in a 1015 cm−3 plasma. The average electron temperature of ∼2 keV at plasma density (1–2) 1015 cm−3 is obtained. With two-stage heating of a dense (∼1016 cm−3) plasma the electron temperature of 300÷500 eV and the ion temperature of 100÷200 eV are reached.
Prospects of experiments on multimirror and «wall» plasma confinement at GOL-3-II facility are discussed.
