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Fusion Science and Technology
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The RAIN scale: A good intention that falls short
Radiation protection specialists agree that clear communication of radiation risks remains a vexing challenge that cannot be solved solely by finding new ways to convey technical information.
Earlier this year, an article in Nuclear News described a new radiation risk communication tool, known as the Radiation Index, or, RAIN (“Let it RAIN: A new approach to radiation communication,” NN, Jan. 2025, p. 36). The authors of the article created the RAIN scale to improve radiation risk communication to the general public who are not well-versed in important aspects of radiation exposures, including radiation dose quantities, units, and values; associated health consequences; and the benefits derived from radiation exposures.
T.D. Akhmetov, V.S. Belkin, E.D. Bender, V.I. Davydenko, G.I. Dimov, A.S. Donin, A.N. Dranichnikov, V.G. Igoshin, A.A. Kabantsev, Yu.V. Kovalenko, A.S. Krivenko, I.I. Morozov, V.B. Reva, V.Ya. Savkin, G.I. Shulzhenko, V.G. Sokolov, M.Yu. Stepanov, S.Yu. Taskaev
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 35 | Number 1 | January 1999 | Pages 94-98
Topical Review Lectures | doi.org/10.13182/FST99-A11963831
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
Investigation of the hot initial plasma created in an axisymmetric end system of the ambipolar trap AMBAL-M has been completed. In the end mirror we obtained the MHD stable plasma with the electron temperature of 50 eV, ion temperature 200 eV, and density about 1013 cm−3. In an MHD anchor – the semicusp a transverse profile of the plasma pressure favorable for the MHD stability was obtained. Pulsed injection of fast atoms with the current of 100 A demonstrated sufficient accumulation rate of the ion population trapped into the initial plasma. The first experiments with ICR-heating of the initial plasma were carried out.
Two atomic injectors of the end mirror were prepared for work. In these injectors four quasistationary proton beams were obtained with the energy of 25 keV and current of up to 50 A per beam. After their charge-exchange the atomic beams were passed through an MHD stabilizing shell and the target plasma.
Principal vacuum units of the 2-nd stage of the installation were tested and prepaired for assembly. One-half of the magnet-vacuum system of the AMBAL-M central solenoid was assembled and tested for vacuum.