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Fusion Science and Technology
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The Frisch-Peierls memorandum: A seminal document of nuclear history
The Manhattan Project is usually considered to have been initiated with Albert Einstein’s letter to President Franklin Roosevelt in October 1939. However, a lesser-known document that was just as impactful on wartime nuclear history was the so-called Frisch-Peierls memorandum. Prepared by two refugee physicists at the University of Birmingham in Britain in early 1940, this manuscript was the first technical description of nuclear weapons and their military, strategic, and ethical implications to reach high-level government officials on either side of the Atlantic. The memorandum triggered the initiation of the British wartime nuclear program, which later merged with the Manhattan Engineer District.
T.D. Akhmetov, V.S. Belkin, E.D. Bender, V.I. Davydenko, G.I. Dimov, A.S. Donin, A.N. Dranichnikov, V.G. Igoshin, A.A. Kabantsev, Yu.V. Kovalenko, A.S. Krivenko, I.I. Morozov, V.B. Reva, V.Ya. Savkin, G.I. Shulzhenko, V.G. Sokolov, M.Yu. Stepanov, S.Yu. Taskaev
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 35 | Number 1 | January 1999 | Pages 94-98
Topical Review Lectures | doi.org/10.13182/FST99-A11963831
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
Investigation of the hot initial plasma created in an axisymmetric end system of the ambipolar trap AMBAL-M has been completed. In the end mirror we obtained the MHD stable plasma with the electron temperature of 50 eV, ion temperature 200 eV, and density about 1013 cm−3. In an MHD anchor – the semicusp a transverse profile of the plasma pressure favorable for the MHD stability was obtained. Pulsed injection of fast atoms with the current of 100 A demonstrated sufficient accumulation rate of the ion population trapped into the initial plasma. The first experiments with ICR-heating of the initial plasma were carried out.
Two atomic injectors of the end mirror were prepared for work. In these injectors four quasistationary proton beams were obtained with the energy of 25 keV and current of up to 50 A per beam. After their charge-exchange the atomic beams were passed through an MHD stabilizing shell and the target plasma.
Principal vacuum units of the 2-nd stage of the installation were tested and prepaired for assembly. One-half of the magnet-vacuum system of the AMBAL-M central solenoid was assembled and tested for vacuum.