Fusion

Three companies have come together to form the U.K. Infinity Fusion Consortium with the objective of developing the first private sector–led fusion power plant in the United Kingdom using existing “commercially credible” technologies.

The consortium is expected to benefit from the combination of the three partners’ expertise. Tennessee-based fusion start-up Type One Energy brings its 400-MWe Infinity Two stellarator fusion power plant design. British fusion technology company Tokamak Energy has its HTS magnet technology and manufacturing background. Texas-based consulting firm AECOM has international engineering and infrastructure capabilities.

The Department of Energy announced a 10-year project agreement with the Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (IPP) to advance research on the Wendelstein 7-X stellarator.

“This agreement reflects our deep commitment to international partnerships that accelerate progress in fusion energy,” said Jean Paul Allain, director of the Office of Fusion at the DOE. “The collaboration between the United States and IPP on W7-X has been extraordinarily productive for more than 20 years already, and this agreement pushes us forward into the next decade and beyond.”

The breakdown by number of projects, share of megawatts, and generation types in PJM’s new interconnection cycle. (Source: PJM Interconnection)

On April 27, PJM Interconnection closed its first full interconnection cycle since 2022. Under a reformed application process, 811 developers submitted generation projects capable of generating 220 gigawatts. About 400 megawatts of that total share comes from Commonwealth Fusion Systems, which submitted an application for its ARC fusion power plant. This is a notable milestone for the industry: it is the first time a developer has requested to connect a commercial fusion power plant to a major grid.

Three research groups are reporting fusion-related developments, including ongoing work toward spin-polarized fusion, a new plasma diagnostic tool heading to the National Ignition Facility, and a materials science project that could impact the design of inertial confinement fusion fuel targets.

The French Authority for Nuclear Safety and Radiation Protection (ASNR) has published a decision on how it will be regulating ITER, opting to approve the organization’s request to exclude its vacuum vessel from French and European pressure equipment rules.

Yesterday, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and Inertia Enterprises announced a strategic research and development partnership to address fusion challenges including laser development, fusion target design, and target fabrication technologies on the path to a commercial power plant.

Helion has launched a program formalizing its process of funding projects with external research partners. On Tuesday, the fusion company announced it would fund 25 proposals ranging from $50,000 to $500,000, totaling $4 million. The recipients include private companies, universities, and national laboratories.

Last Thursday, Realta Fusion and Commonwealth Fusion Systems formalized a multiyear relationship with the announcement of a strategic partnership centered on CFS’s high-temperature superconducting (HTS) magnets.

Focused Energy and the University of Rochester’s Laboratory for Laser Energetics (LLE) have established a $6.9 million partnership agreement to collaborate on fundamental challenges in inertial fusion energy.

The U.K. government has announced a series of initiatives to progress fusion to commercialization, laid out in a fusion strategy policy paper published March 16. A New Energy Revolution: The UK’s Plan for Delivering Fusion Energy begins to describe how the government’s £2.5 billion (about $3.4 billion) investment in fusion research and development over five years will be allocated.

Fusion leaders at the Nuclear Regulatory Commission’s annual Regulatory Information Conference discussed the path forward for regulating the burgeoning fusion industry. The speakers discussed government and private industry initiatives in the United States and United Kingdom, with a focus on efforts shaping the near-term deployment of commercial fusion machines.

A recurring theme was the need to explain the difference between fission and fusion. Representatives from the Department of Energy and Type One Energy highlighted this as an important distinction for regulators, as it will allow fusion to undergo its own independent maturation process for developing standards and regulations in the same way that fission has. Lea Perlas, Fusion Program director at the Virginia Department of Health, said that confusion between fission and fusion has been a common cause for misplaced concerns among community members surrounding Commonwealth Fusion Systems’ proposed fusion plant site near Richmond, Va.

Concept art of Pacific Fusion’s demonstration system. (Image: Pacific Fusion)

Pacific Fusion is preparing to start construction on a pulsed-power inertial fusion facility in New Mexico, and today the company announced it is seeking expressions of interest from researchers in industry, academia, and government who may want to run experiments at the facility.

The Nuclear Regulatory Commission has taken the next step toward developing fusion regulations, announcing the opening of a 90-day comment period, ending May 27, on a proposed regulatory framework.

In 2023, the NRC commissioners considered three options for the regulatory framework, ultimately selecting to integrate fusion machines into the existing byproduct material approach, which avoids classifying fusion energy systems as utilization facilities. The aim is to implement this approach through changes to 10 CFR Parts 20, 30, 37, 50, 51, 72, 110, 150, 170, and 171.

Proxima Fusion has signed a memorandum of understanding with the Free State of Bavaria, German electric company RWE, and Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (IPP) to build a commercial stellarator fusion power plant in Europe. Based in Munich, Proxima was spun out of IPP in 2023.

Commonwealth Fusion Systems makes no small plans. The company wants to build a 400-MWe magnetic confinement fusion power plant called ARC near Richmond, Va., and begin operating it in the early 2030s. And the plans don’t end there. CFS wants to deploy “thousands” of fusion power plants capable of accelerating a global energy transition.

Over the past decade, fusion energy has moved decisively from scientific aspiration toward a credible pathway to a new energy technology. Thanks to long-term federal support, we have significantly advanced our fundamental understanding of plasma physics—the behavior of the superheated gases at the heart of fusion devices. This knowledge will enable the creation and control of fusion fuel under conditions required for future power plants. Our progress is exemplified by breakthroughs at the National Ignition Facility and the Joint European Torus.

Two start-ups working to commercialize fusion energy made headlines last week. Helion Energy announced that its Polaris prototype fusion energy machine recently demonstrated measurable deuterium-tritium fusion and achieved a plasma temperature of 150 million degrees Celsius (MºC). Newcomer Inertia Enterprises announced that it has raised $450 million in its Series A fundraising round.

Members of the Pacific Fusion team pose in front of the Z Pulsed Power Facility at Sandia National Laboratories. (Photo: Pacific Fusion)

California-based Pacific Fusion, in partnership with Sandia National Laboratories, has reported “removing a significant roadblock to practical fusion power at scale” by achieving pulser-driven inertial confinement fusion (ICF) with a simpler, less expensive approach than previously used.

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory has designed a model to help assess the economic impact of future fusion power plant operations—specifically, the operation of inertial fusion energy (IFE) power plants. Further, it has made its Generalized Economics Model (GEM) for Fusion Technology—an Excel spreadsheet—available for download.

Oak Ridge National Laboratory has announced a partnership with Japan’s Kyoto Fusioneering to develop technology for speeding the deployment of commercial fusion energy through the creation of a breeding blanket test facility. The lab said that the partnership will “leverage ORNL’s expertise in supercomputing, advanced manufacturing, materials science, and fusion research, and complement KF’s UNITY test facilities.”